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''Russula emetica'', commonly known as the sickener, emetic russula, or vomiting russula, is a basidiomycete mushroom, and the type species of the genus ''Russula''. It has a red, convex to flat cap up to in diameter, with a cuticle that can be peeled off almost to the centre. The gills are white to pale cream, and closely spaced. A smooth white stem measures up to long and thick. First described in 1774, the mushroom has a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, where it grows on the ground in damp woodlands in a mycorrhizal association with conifers, especially pine. The mushroom's common names refer to the gastrointestinal distress they cause when consumed raw. The flesh is extremely peppery, but this offensive taste, along with its toxicity, can be removed by parboiling or pickling. Although it used to be widely eaten in Russia and eastern European countries, it is generally not recommended for consumption. There are many similar ''Russula'' species that have a red cap with white stem and gills, some of which can be reliably distinguished from ''R. emetica'' only by microscopic characteristics. ==Taxonomy== ''Russula emetica'' was first officially described as ''Agaricus emeticus'' by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774, in his series on fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate, ''Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones.''〔 Christian Hendrik Persoon placed it in its current genus ''Russula'' in 1796,〔 where it remains. According to the nomenclatural database MycoBank, ''Agaricus russula'' is a synonym of ''R. emetica'' that was published by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772, two years earlier than Schaeffer's description. However, this name is unavailable as Persoon's name is sanctioned.〔 Additional synonyms include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's ''Amanita rubra'' (1783), and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's subsequent new combination ''Agaricus ruber'' (1805).〔 The specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek ''emetikos''/εμετικος 'emetic' or 'vomit-inducing'.〔 Similarly, its common names of ''sickener'', ''emetic russula'',〔 and ''vomiting russula'' also refer to this attribute.〔 ''Russula emetica'' is the type species of the genus ''Russula''.〔 According to Rolf Singer's infrageneric classification of ''Russula'', it is also the type of the section ''Russula''.〔〔 In an alternative classification proposed by Henri Romagnesi, it is the type species of subsection ''Emeticinae''.〔 A molecular analysis of European ''Russula'' species determined that ''R. emetica'' groups in a clade with ''R. raoultii'', ''R. betularum'', and ''R. nana'';〔 a later analysis confirmed the close phylogenetic relationship between ''R. emetica'' and the latter two Russulas.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russula emetica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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